In Gray zone Warfare: From IT Systems to OT Effects, Ian Thornton‑Trump CD examines how modern cyber conflict operates in the space “between peace and war,” where adversaries pursue strategic advantage without crossing traditional thresholds of armed conflict. Using his established insights into hybrid warfare and cyber‑physical risk, Thornton‑Trump reveals how attacks that begin in enterprise IT environments increasingly cascade into operational technology (OT), critical infrastructure, and industrial control systems. This session presents cyber incidents as components of intentional Gray Zone campaigns that blend espionage, disruption, economic coercion, and psychological pressure. Thornton‑Trump demonstrates how weaknesses in identity systems, supply chains, governance, and security visibility are exploited to bridge IT and OT, turning digital access into real‑world consequences—including safety risks, service disruption, and national‑level instability. Ultimately, this presentation challenges leaders and security professionals to view cyber defence as a matter of operational safety and geopolitical reality—recognizing and countering Gray Zone activity before IT compromise becomes irreversible OT impact.